Persuasion Essay

Jane Austin explores the character Anne Elliot, a 27- year-old unappreciated and self-sacrificing woman dealing with the emotional consequences of a returned love that she had been persuaded to reject in marriage seven years earlier. Austin exposes Anne as a timid and self-sacrificing character, her emotions and thoughts internalized and her presence dismissed by those around her.As the heroine of the novel Student's values are conveyed through Anne, displaying her distaste to aristocracy and preference to meritocracy, the challenge of enders and the convenience and social rules In acceptance to marriage, the rejection of these conventions displayed through Student's use of Irony and satire throughout the novel.The film ‘Persuasion' by Adrian Sherwood (2007) however sees a storyline that falls to grasp these concepts displaying a storyline that Is exaggerated and dramatic, focusing almost solely on the love story, often resulting In a film adaptation of Anne Elliot who wanders slantingly from the novels original character who displays little to no character development.The Anne of the novel Is often isolated, particularly in regard to her emotional state, contrasting greatly to Shareholders film adaptation where Anne is seen to be sharing her upset and feeling more openly. In the novel, Wentworth return is not accompanied by a debrief with Lady Russell where Anne expresses her distress and panic, rather, Austin displays her emotion through isolation and lack of communication with others, conveyed to the reader through narration rather than dialogue.Anne is adapted to a film audience to clearly display her state of mind and current emotion as to ensure that ere reactions to certain situations are obvious, for example, the various scenes where Anne looks directly into the camera, connecting directly with the audience to show the devastation she is experiencing, pushing the emotion to solidify the facts of her distress that may have been previously missed.Th is results in an Anne that is much more dramatic and has heightened emotion in great comparison to the submissive and overly polite nature of Anne in the novel, who shies away from expressing herself to such an extent that when Anne can't contain her emotion from Wentworth letter ND is seen to impact on her appearance, she is only thought to be sick.Sherwood abandons the social conventions of the 19th century setting to produce a film that is unrealistic and untrue to the situations Anne experiences In the novel. Jane Student's Anne Elliot undergoes character development throughout the novel and experiences transformation, symbolizes by her change In appearance toward the end of the novel as she begins to ‘bloom' once again, her nature becoming more assertive and confident.Student's end result In Anne Is one that Is not seen wealth the film as there Is no growth or development Incorporated, her appearance only seen hanged as she arrives at Excellency with Captain Wentworth, he r hair styled differently and her dress a brighter color, suggesting that she Is happier and changed only as a result of Wentworth love, supporting the sole focus of the film to be the romantic plotting.Persuasion Essay By manhole's genders and the convenience and social rules in acceptance to marriage, the rejection of these conventions displayed through Student's use of irony and satire storyline that fails to grasp these concepts displaying a storyline that is exaggerated and dramatic, focusing almost solely on the love story, often resulting in a film adaptation of Anne Elliot who wanders significantly from the novel's original character who displays little to no character development.The Anne of the novel is film that is unrealistic and untrue to the situations Anne experiences in the novel. And experiences transformation, symbolizes by her change in appearance toward assertive and confident. Student's end result in Anne is one that is not seen within the film as there is no gr owth or development incorporated, her appearance only seen differently and her dress a brighter color, suggesting that she is happier and

Leonardo Da Vinci: Science and Paintings

Leonardo Da Vinci: Science and Paintings Leonardo was a polymath which means he was very knowledgeable and had a large number of expertise’s in many different subjects, a polymath is also known as a renaissance man which Leonardo was titled by many people. He was the first to combine math and science together. Da Vinci started the science revolution which revolutionized the way that scientists researched their information ever since. Leonardo Da Vinci is widely known as one of the greatest painters of all time and has created many iconic and famous paintings.He used his knowledge of science and his artistic talent together to enhance his artwork. He used objects and pieces of objects that would affect the way light appeared on some of his work and used his study of land to enhance and create nature backgrounds and paintings. Leonardo never finished his work in a short period time he always took a few years or more to complete them in means for his most famous pieces. The Mona Lisa is one of the most famous pieces of his collection. Mona Lisa is the best known, most visited, most written about, the most sung about and the most replicated art painting in the world.Mona was a painting of another man’s wife that had been asked to be painted. Leonardo never returned the painting back to the couple even though he was paid to do the painting. This painting was started in 1503/1504 and was worked away at slowly until 1519. The Last Supper is another very famous painting of his. This painting is the most reproduced religious painting of all time. The painting showed Jesus and his twelve disciples eating supper when he announced that one of the disciples would betray him. This painting was started in 1495 and was completed in 1498.

Global Civil Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Civil Society - Essay Example Through much of the Cold War, realism (a later neorealism) dominated the international relations literature. This particular focus placed an almost exclusive emphasis on the state. However, with the introduction of concepts like interdependence theory in the 1970s by scholar like Keohane and Nye (1977), alternative positions started to emerge. These alternative - neoliberalism in particular - approaches argued that economics and scare resources forced states to interact with each other in increasingly frequency and in doing so states ceded sovereignty to international institutions. While neorealism remained dominant even after the Cold War, these alternatives raised important questions not only about state sovereignty, but also about the existence of international actors and their relationship with the state and between each other. One particular approach that gained momentum after the Cold War was the concept of Global Civil Society (GCS). GCS examines non-state actors such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), non-state organisations and social movements as a whole. Many of these concepts, though, are not new to the post-Cold War era. Rather, within the past two decades, GCS has come to refer to a specific set of actors whose interactions influence the globalised world and particularly challenge the state as an alternative form of governance; with these non-state actors playing an increasingly important role in international affairs. Accordingly, this paper seeks to identify the main actors in GCS and critically assess their roles. First, this essay will define GCS as to generally outline the concept. Section two will introduce the main actors and their roles. Finally, the conclusion will offer suggestions on the future of GCS; which will depend in large part on how current actors perceive and cooperate with each other. Define Global Civil Society While the concept of GCS was greatly developed after the Cold War, its origins can be traced back much earlier and include the idea of civil society. Heywood (2002, p.8) notes that "civil society consists of what Edmund Burke called 'little platoons', institutions such as the family and kinship groups, private business, trade unions, clubs, community groups." Civil society was separate from the mechanisms of the state and, to varying degrees, influenced domestic state behaviour. And as the state interacted with other states with increasing frequency through the 18th century, so too did non-state actors. Through the mid-20th century, Lawson (2003, p. 50) notes that NGOs and international organizations started to significantly increase their interaction with states and this constituted the emergence of 'international civil society'. While states still dominated, these non-state actors exerted more influence on the fabric of international relations. Yet, the framework and the interactio n of these non-state actors were such that it was not long before the 'international' transitioned into the 'global'. Like many concepts in international relations, GCS does not have a universally agreed definition. Axford (2002, p. 558) states "the existence of global civil society - a zone of transnational association and deliberation under the control on neither states nor markets

Golden Temple (Amritsar, India) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Golden Temple (Amritsar, India) - Research Paper Example History of the Golden Temple The Golden Temple, also known as Harmandir Sahib which stands for the Temple of God, is regarded as one of the holiest places in the world and the holiest shrine in Sikhism. It is situated in Amritsar, Punjab, India. It is located at 31.620045Â ° N, 74.876397Â ° E. Amritsar means ‘Pool of Nectar of Immorality’; this was from a tank that was excavated by the fourth guru of Sikhism in 1577 CE who was later called Amritsar, thus, the name of the city which grew around it (Pletcher, 129). In the process, Harmandir Sahib, an impressive house meant to be the abode of God, grew at the centre of this tank becoming a supreme venue of Sikhism. Civilization during the construction of the Golden Temple This structure was erected in the late 16th century under the governance of the forth and fifth gurus. It was constructed under very strict supervision of the authority that had very great influence on the public works at the time. Construction of the Ha rmandir Sahib The construction of the Golden Temple started in 1574 at a site surrounded by a small lake in some thin forest; the land was donated by the Mughal emperor Akbar, the third of the six Mughals, who was so impressed with the lifestyle in the town that as a result gave a parcel of land and revenues of quite a number of villages in the area. Guru Ram Das expanded the lake and constructed a small town surrounding it which he later named after Guru Ram Das as Guru Ka Chak. Between 1581 and 1606, the construction of the full-fledged gurdwara (temple) was done under the leadership of the fifth guru, Guru Arjan Dev (Brockman, 189). The initiation of the construction of the temple was done by Hazrat Mian Mir who laid the first foundation stone in December 1588 CE. Construction was complete by 1601 but refurbishment and decoration continued over the years up to about 1604. Installation of the Guru Granth Sahib was done in the 1660s. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the tem ple was attacked by some Afghans who were later killed by the Sikh army. The temple had to be reconstructed in the year 1760. Size of the Golden Temple The 40.5 square feet temple was constructed on a 67 feet square platform which is centrally located at the Sarovar tank. It has four doors in the four directions; to the East, West, South and North. It has an arch which located at the shore end of the causeway with door frames measuring eight feet, six inches in breadth by ten feet high. It has artistic decorations at the door panes which open to the bridge and walkway leading to the main structure of the Temple. The bridge is with a circumambulatory path which is thirteen feet wide. This path that leads to Har ki Paure, the steps of God, runs round the main place of pilgrimage. The main building of the Sri Harmandir Sahib, a three storied structure, is 202 feet in length and 21 feet in width. Whole of this structure is technically functional. The first floor has its roof at a height of 26 feet and 9 inches with a front decorated with repetition of cusped arches. The Temple has a four feet parapet rising all round the sides with four Mamtees at all the four corners. The third storey rises exactly on top of the central of the main sanctuary. This small square room with three gates holds a regular recitation of Guru Granth Sahib. A low fluted Gumbaz which has a lotus petal motif in relief at the base and an inverted lotus at the top supporting the Kalash is held up on top of this room.

Social Media and technology have had a positive effect on Teens and Research Paper

Social Media and technology have had a positive effect on Teens and Students - Research Paper Example According to (Charlie)â€Å"Man has worked hard to improve technology consistently to do various tasks fast and effectively†. It is a wide known fact that, everyone in this world is influenced by social media and technology. However the most people affected positively by social media and technology are the teenagers and students. Now that every activity in the world is controlled by social media and technology, its impact on teenager and student is worth appreciating. Since teenagers and students are continuously exposed to social media instruments and hi –fi technological gadgets, their very life is overly tuned according to it. If we look at the most influential social media which affects the teenagers and students positively, then we can name it as internet and cell phones. Social media is a phenomenon where in the people are able to communicate with each other predominantly with the use of online and technical communicative instruments. Even though, television, radio and newspaper do communicate with people in different ways, the effect which internet and mobile has on people is potential and humongous. Social media can be explained as the various online services available to people like social networking sites, web conferencing services, online chat services, forums and so on. Man being a social creature has always been inventive with regard to socializing methods. And ultimately through a long struggle and adventure, he has reached a point where things work on the movement of his fingertip. Now the whole world moves with the aid of social media and it has made the life of people more enjoyable, entertaining, creative and progressive. Social media is all about sharing thoughts and ideas, collaborating and joining together to be more creative and artistic, being commercial and vigorous, active conducting of debates and arguments, friend seeking and

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 76

Marketing - Essay Example Market research also enables firms that are new to gain a competitive edge over the more established firms. For instance, when Sprite was launched in Ireland, it struggled to get a market share of the beverage company however, after proper research they discovered that if they branded it more as a cool drink that they would be more popular. With proper rebranding, sprite was able to sell double the expected number of bottles and even launch the 2-litre bottle ahead of time. (Parasuraman, Dhruv & Ramayya, 2007) A primary research study is a study that has not been done before involving the first set of data to be recorded relating to the study. Using clothes selection as my choice to conduct research in, to select a sample frame I would take into consideration the target group of my product. The consumers would have to be divided according to age, gender marital status and number of children. The volume and nature of data required would be taken in to consideration whether it is quantitative or qualitative (Wild and Diggines, 2009). With qualitative data only a small niche of the market is targeted as compared with quantitative data, however, quantitative data requires less expertise and would be preferable for primary data to get data over the entire market. In selecting the sample, data collection method cost must be considered as well as the main purpose of the research and the period for conducting the research to be done (Wild and Diggines, 2009). The survey method of data collection is the least credible since high number of surveys are not returned when sent via the postal method and there is always the risk that the respondents who did reply are of a particular demography that relates to the survey meaning that their responses will be overrepresented in the data collection. This is because there is no interaction between the respondent and surveyor, this method is not suitable for qualitative study (Gupta, 2003). However, the main advantage of the

American government policies in overcoming the aftermath of the Assignment

American government policies in overcoming the aftermath of the Financial Crisis of 2008 - Assignment Example The US directive on the mortgage financial institutions to decentralize their loan facilities to the mid and low income earners increased the risk involved leading to an enormous increase in defaults. High leverage ratios were explicit results of the financial crisis leading to lack of confidence in the financial institution by the investors. Bankruptcy was experienced by a number of mortgages lending institution due to lack of credit worthiness to finance their activities (Braun and Borja, 2004). Failure, economic bailout by the government, mergers, in addition to takeovers of financial institutions for example the Washington mutual, Merrill lynch ,Wachovia and many more was also a major implication of the financial crisis. The insurance companies for instance AIG were not able to offer the necessary insurance on the loans given because they did not have the funds to offer such services. A number of the financial institutions resulted in stringent measures in terms of offering loans leading to few people applying for the loans and the resultants is the decline in profits for the banks, reduced money supply as well as lack of assets acquisition by the people who rely on these loans. Stock markets The decline in the average index was a major result of the crisis. For instance, Dow Jones industrial Average index declined from a high 14,000 points to 6,600 points in a span of two years within the crisis period (Evans-Pritchard and Ambrose, 2007). As a result, Investment turnover declined. Decline in the turnover rate led to lack of investment in the stock markets. Major players in the stock markets that are the New York Stock Exchange, for example Dow Jones and brokers...This paper seeks to analyze the economic impact of the financial crisis in US as well as the measures that have been taken by the US government to address the implications of the crisis. According to many economists, the housing bubble that occurred in US was a major trigger that resulted to reduced value of the securities in the US market as well as the prices of the real estates. World economists have come with various theories that attributed to the financial crisis. According to Levin-Coburn Report, a policy paper that was issued by US Senate, the crisis was not as a result of natural forces but it was caused by complex financial products, inadequate credit rating mechanisms and conflict of interests among other factors. In terms of the consumer wealth, crisis led to decline of the investments with most of the local and international investors losing huge amounts of investments caused by the collapse of their companies. As a result of the financial crisis, most of US banks suffered heavy losses due to the unpaid loans. One of the major financial institutions that underwent a financial crisis was the Lehman brothers. The financial crisis also led to insolvency of many banks and financial institutions in the U.S The U.S Governments adopted different policies such as; financial saving plans, spending stimulus packages, and aggressive monetary policies to contain the crisis. The crisis moved the US into deep recession due to bankruptcies and foreclosure of banks and firms that caused huge layoffs and reduced disposable income.

I am not sure about the subject that i used, but you have to put the Assignment

I am not sure about the subject that i used, but you have to put the right subject for each - Assignment Example This comes in the wake of different cases around the nation where officers are seen to manhandle or mistreat people from minority groups, with some even leading to the death of the said individuals (Schmidt 1). The issue of hate crimes has been a topic that is often discussed in hushed tones in various areas in the United States. In yet another different online article, The Guardian dated 10 Feb. 2015, three individuals were sentenced to prison for alleged hate crimes that led to the death of one James Craig Anderson. In the wake of these allegations, it later emerged that a group of white people would go to Jackson to pester, harass, and assault black people. Others were waiting sentencing stemming from the same hate crimes and conspiracy to do the same against nonwhites (AP 1). After a series of attacks by both white police officers and civilians, it has become necessary for major newspapers around the nation to highlight what is happening, and what should be done about it. It is clear that race is still an issue that most people are battling with, and with the rising number of cases, the attitude and mentality of everyone involved needs to change. This is for the betterment of society and everyone involved in making it prosper. It is my belief that whenever minority groups hear of such cases, there is bound to be traces of anger, bitterness, and resentment towards the other race, especially when perpetrators are not brought to book. It is about time people realize that society is made up of all races, and not just the whites. Associated Press, Jackson Mississippi. â€Å"Three sentenced in Mississippi for ‘Hate Crime’ Murder of Black Man.† The Guardian 10 Feb. 2015. Print. Schmidt, Michael S. â€Å"F.B.I. Director to Give Speech Addressing Relations between Police and

Biometrics Essay Example for Free

Biometrics Essay Biometric Recognition or Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. It requires physically present at the point of identification. Identification based on biometric techniques lessen the need to remember a password or carry a token like a physical ID. Various biometric traits are being used for real-time recognition, the most popular being face, iris and fingerprint. However, there are biometric systems that are based on retinal scan, voice, signature and hand geometry. First, a user must be enrolled in the system so that his biometric template or reference can be captured. This template is securely stored in a central database. The template is used for matching when an individual needs to be identified. Depending on the context, a biometric system can operate either in a verification (authentication) or an identification mode. The biometric recognition system is a technology design to monitor the students’ official entry inside the campus. It will also serve as the Internet and Tool room access pass. With the issues concern on the monitoring of students, the researchers delve on the propose project study entitled â€Å"TUPT using Biometric Technology.† It will also be used to identify students who will use University facilities like Internet Center and Tool Room. This study will help the security system by adopting the biometric recognition to identify the bona fide students of TUP- Taguig. It will also track and manage the end user of Internet Center same with the borrower in Tool Room. Statement of the Problem This study would utilize the security systems in the campus. Several problems incurred in the campus wherein the security guards encountered difficulties in dealing with student’s admission. To a large extent, borrowing, monitoring and tracking of equipments by the students are also considered in this study. In view, the researchers prompted to conduct this study by enhancing the ID system in which the Biometric Recognition should be adopted. Objectives General Objective: This study aims to enhance the University ID system by adopting Biometric Technology. Specific objectives: 1.To create a system that will enhance the security of the campus using Biometric technology. 2.To develop a more efficient management and operation in ID system. 3.To gather information regarding the development of ID system in TUP- Taguig using Biometric. 4.To test and implement the effectiveness of said system in the campus.

Geoinformatics Research Centre Essay Example for Free

Geoinformatics Research Centre Essay The two countries are in the same hemisphere, and temperature latitudes but situated on either side of the prime meridian. In this context, the paper looks at some of the specific viticulture related aspects in different modalities, such as vector (point, contour), raster and text formats and then investigates into analysing the multimodal data collectively at a regional scale which is considered as appropriate for such a comparative study in this specific domain. The commonly used major themes for modelling viticulture and wine production until to date have been; growing degree days (GDD), minimum/ maximum temperatures during berry ripening, frost days at budburst for the wine regions within a country or in the world, and are briefly outlined. Meanwhile, at a relatively recent meso / micro scale (precision viticulture) modelling using grapevine vegetative growth and grape yield requires expensive equipment for multispectral satellite/ aerial borne imagery and yield data acquisition. Following a brief outline on the use of contemporary technologies, such as GPS, and methodologies to analyse information integrated into GIS, the paper then elaborates on the results of a comparative study conducted on seven major wine regions of New Zealand and Chile using GIS based thematic mappings of terrain, topography, climatic conditions, grapevine varieties as well as wine quality, the latter represented by regional vintage ratings, sommelier comments and wine label ratings. The results of one-way ANOVA tests show the difference across viticulture climate regimes of the seven regions as significant (95% confident). However, between countries the difference is significant only for dew point in November and December, sea level pleasure in December, and total precipitation in December. Keywords: viticulture, wine quality Legend Major lines of Latitude Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Equator Prime Meridian Chile Colchagua Maipo Santiago New Zealand Hawkes Bay Martinborough Martinborough Central Otago Figure 1. Chilean and NZ wine regions and viticulture climate regimes (base climate) source: http://www. weatherbase. com (T=Temperature) 1146 Shanmuganathan et al. , Analysing the Wine Regions of New Zealand and Chile: a GIS perspective . INTRODUCTION New Zealand and Chile are among the well-known â€Å"New World† wine producing countries. Incidentally, the major wine regions of the two nations are also in the same hemisphere, and temperature latitudes but on the opposite sides of the prime meridian. The rapid progress achieved in producing premium wine from these regions over the last few years have been described as remarkable hence a comparative study of this nature especially, on grapevine varieties cultivated and wine styles produced from the regions of the two countries would be appropriate. It is also considered as a timely one because the wine regions of both old and new world countries are seen as highly vulnerable to the predicted global climate change in the near future (Jones, 2007, Web, 2006). In this context, the paper looks at some of the specific viticulture related aspects in different modalities, such as vector (point, contour), raster and text formats and then investigates into analysing the multimodal data collectively at a regional scale which is considered as appropriate for uch a comparative study and for analysing the effects of climate on viticulture and wine production. The paper presents an overview of 1) the base climate and the 2) a detailed description of modelling the seasonal variability in climate and on grapevine phenology as well as wine quality. Interestingly, until to date, the commonly used major themes for modelling viticulture and wine production have been; †¢ †¢ †¢ growing degree days (GDD), minimum/ maximum temperatures during berry ripening, frost days for the wine regions in relation to varietal tolerance within a country/ in the world. Meanwhile, modelling at micro and meso scales using modern precision viticulture (or PV) using grapevine vegetative growth and grape yield with finer details integrated into a GIS, requires expensive GPS fitted equipment for multispectral satellite/ aerial borne imagery and yield data acquisition. PV is about the use of GPS and GIS technologies (at the micro scale) to understand the impact of plant-soilwater dynamics at different phenological growth stages on vine physiology in order to achieve improved yield by introducing subtle changes to vineyard management practices. Such a multipurpose integrated approach to mapping soil spatial properties illustrated in (Buss, et al. ,2005) as well described the success of the approch in generating irrigation management zones, evaluating the performance of the new irrigation schedules and the use of near continuous soil-water profile dynamics in irrigation scheduling, implementation and management strategies. The irrigation management strategies included were; regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root zone drying (PRD). Similarly, many more studies have reported on the complex and challenging issues relating to managing the dynamic relationship between site, soil, water and phenological stage, vine and wine quality within and among vineyards using a GIS and integrated data captured using wireless sensors (Fuentes, 2005). There is also research reported outside of Australia into climate and environmental factors integrated with the irrigation management in grapevines which are a traditionally nonirrigated crop (Cifre, et al. , 2005: Patakas, et al. , 2005: Ben-Asher, et al. 2006 : Guix-Hebrard, et al. , 2007). Recently remote sensing has led to the use of airborne multispectral and hyperspectral imagery incorporated into GIS for yield mapping integrated with soil or other properties such as soil spatial variability, vegetative growth, vulnerability to diseases (Ferreiro-Arm? an, et al. , 2006). Since the late 1990s, there has been significant progress in the use of PV with advanced GIS functions for monitoring yield and soil-water-plant dynamics with commercially available devices and technologies (Bramley, 2001). However, yield mapping against vigour in vegetation over vintages is a very recent method, as far as Australian viticulture is concerned only three years old. Despite this recent introduction, it has been shown that a number of Australian wine grape growing areas could have grape yields in single management unites varying as much as 8 to 10 fold. The surveys also emphasised the need for more data within individual blocks on yield, fruitvine indices and soil properties to optimise yield, and to find the blocks that produce high yield, by overlaying the data on different thematic mappings in a GIS. With that introduction to the use of contemporary technologies and methodologies for analysing information integrated into a GIS at the micro scale, the next section elaborates on the methods utilised for comparing and contrasting the wine regions of New Zealand and Chile using GIS climatic conditions, grapevine varieties as well as wine quality based on regional vintage ratings at the regional scale, and then sommelier comments and wine ratings at the vineyard level. 1147 Shanmuganathan et al. Analysing the Wine Regions of New Zealand and Chile: a GIS perspective 2. VITICULTURE AND THE CLIMATE Grapevine is among the most expensive cultivated and sensitive crops (Jones, 2007). Different grapevine varieties thrive under specific ideal climate conditions and niche local environmental settings, such as well drained soil, site aspect (compass direction of the slope). Due to this reason viticulturists undertake extensive investigations when selecting a site and the grape variety for a vin eyard. Of the many factors, base climate1 is the main factor used to determine a variety for the site. Once several blocks of vineyards have been established in a broader area, its climate patterns (or macro climate) becomes identified with certain grapevine clones of Vitis vinifer (or wine styles) for that area covering about 100 to 1000 miles, also referred to as the regional scale (Jones, et al. , 2003). Such base climate regimes and their varieties of seven wine regions (four from New Zealand and three from Chile) are shown in figures 1 and 2, and Table 1 respectively. On the other hand the quality of vintage wines is determined by the seasonal weather patterns that ripened the grapes. In view of the above factors the analysis is conducted in three parts; 1. 2. Initially, the base climate and wine styles famously linked with the major wine region of Chile and New Zealand are outlined. Secondly, the regional ratings and monthly climate data from (Wine Enthusiast wine vintage chart, February 2011 p56-57) (http://www7. ncdc. noaa. gov) respectively are analysed to establish the correlations between the regional wine quality ratings and the climate data. In the third part, quality of vintage wines are analysed to establish the correlations between wine descriptors extracted from sommelier comments (text) and their corresponding ratings (numeric) also provided by sommeliers. Chardonnay style Vintage wines from all seven regions are analysed individually and altogether to find the descriptors used for high and low rated vintages of this style. 3. 3. MODELLING THE CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS Observations and results of this three part analysis are discussed in this section. 3. 1. Viticulture climate regimes of New Zealand and Chile The major wine regions of New Zealand and Chile (the viticulture climate regimes) as well as wine styles produced from the regions are listed in Figure 1 and Table 1. The viticulture climate regions of Chile seem to exhibit the extremes at both high and low temperatures (see Figure 1 graph). Furthermore, Pinot Grigio/ Gris are not grown in any of the Chilean regions. Of the all seven regions Colcahgua exhibits the lowest annual recorded temperature (-10oC) and second highest recorded annual high. Petite Sirah style vine is produced only from Maipo Valley region. Casablanca and Hawkes’s Bay have the mildest conditions in the Chilean and New Zealand regions respectively. Wine styles Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Pinot Noir are produced from all seven regions hence could be described as more tolerant varieties. 1 Figure 2. Major wine regions of Chile (left) and New Zealand (right) with the terrain elevation of the regions. Base climate reflects the weather conditions experienced over a longer time period i. e. , 3-5 decades. 148 Shanmuganathan et al. , Analysing the Wine Regions of New Zealand and Chile: a GIS perspective Table 1. Major wine regions of Chile and New Zealand along with the wine (styles) produced from the seven regions during 1990-2009. (Source: http://buyingguide. winemag. com) 3. 2. Seasonal climate change effects on the quality of Chilean and New Zealand wines Seasonal weather is the major influencing factor in determining the quality of vintage wines a part from those arising from grapevine varietal and winemaker experience/ talent. The influence exerted by the seasonal weather as 50% and this can be seen in literature of traditional grapevine growing and winemaking as well as recent research findings (Shanmuganathan, et al. , 2010). In view of this, monthly average, maximum and minimum temperatures, dew point and total precipitation are analysed along with regional wine ratings (figure 3). The monthly averages were calculated from the daily weather data extracted from (www. ncdc. noaa. gov) for the closest stations for each of the seven regions for this work. Meanwhile the regional wine ratings for the seven regions were obtained from 2011 vintage chart (www. inemag. com). The graphs (figures 3 and 4) show the years of high and low vintage ratings at the regional scale and the average variability in weather conditions experienced in the regions between 1990-2009. ANOVA test results One-way ANOVA test results of weather data (monthly averages of daily minimum and maximum temperatures, sea level pressure (slp) an d total precipitation over the growing season September-April (19902009, figure 4), confirm the difference in the seven regions as significant (at 95 % confidence) except for monthly average sea level pressure in February. Meanwhile, One-way ANOVA test conducted to see the difference across countries showed monthly averages of dew point for November, December, average sea level pressure and total precipitation, both for the month of December significant (at 95% confident level). Figure 3. Graphs showing the regional wine ratings of the Chilean (left) and New Zealand (right) wine regions from 1990 to 2009 analysed to establish the correlations between macro climate and regional wine quality. Data source: http://www. winemag. com/PDFs/Vintage_Chart_022011. pdf 1149 Shanmuganathan et al. , Analysing the Wine Regions of New Zealand and Chile: a GIS perspective Figure 4. Seasonal climate variability (averaged for 1990-2009) observed in Chilean and New Zealand regions. Central Otago monthly averages of temperature, dew point and total rainfall are the lowest even though Colchagua base climate graph (figure 1 bottom) exhibits the lowest of all regions. Classification rules WEKA (J48) Rules created with monthly averages of dew point for November, December, average sea level pressure and total precipitation for December (significant by ANOVA test results) are listed in Table 2. 3. 3. Modelling the wine vintages and sommelier comments using ratings Wine styles Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Pinot Noir are produced from all seven regions (see table 1), hence Chardonnay wine comments from all seven regions were studied to investigate the correlations between wine descriptors and ratings specified by sommeliers. The sommelier comments extracted from (http://buyingguide. winemag. com) for 556 wines, were programmatically converted into a matrix of 190 wine descriptors and 556 weights (of 350 Chilean and 206 NZ vintages) for this vector space model text mining approach as applied in (Shanmuganathan, et al. , 2009). The vintages used in the sample were from 1996-2010. Of these 190 wine descriptors only 55 were found to be significant by a one-way ANOVA test ran for both Chilean and NZ together and separately. Using this 556 x 55 wine descriptor weight table, rules were generates with C5, CRT (Clementine), JRip and J48 (the latter two WEKA algorithms). For this analysis wine ratings were converted into a binary rate with one (=87). The descriptors found to be correlated with these two ratings are presented in tables3. Furthermore, it could be noticed that a few descriptors used exclusively for describing wines of a particular region and either for one/two rating, for example blanc (for Sauvignon Blanc) is used for Marlborough region (table 4).